Limiting the Use of Technology

In the course of the last a few years’ innovation has progressed essentially. These days most all that we use is finished by some type of innovation. Quite a while prior, we didn’t even have cellphones or the Internet, presently we have cellphones that can get to the Internet. This age has gotten so needy with innovation that it is really starting to hurt most us, not help us. So this persuades one should restrict their utilization of innovation since it could cause habit, loss of time the board, and attacked protection. Advancements, for example, cellphones, Internet, and computer games have lead numerous to be addicted.Because we use cellphones ordinary we become subject to them and use them continually. Presently, when one loses their cellphone one gets distrustful and feels as though there is no more expectation or life since the person is so dependent on it. Another indication of fixation would be driving while on the telephone. There have been such a large number of instances of individuals driving while at the same time messaging or chatting on their telephone that have caused mishaps and passings. One may see this when an individual is a representative and is continually on calls, the individual in question won't put ones telephone down in light of the fact that that individual is too addicted.Businessmen in any event, bring their work home, they would have supper and they would in any case accept their calls. Fixation could likewise prompt cheerily paying things off the Internet or in any event, purchasing cash to play certain games, for example, Farmville. Compulsion can cause numerous issues for an individual, for example, fixation, and the loss of center towards school and ones occupation. At the point when an individual gets fixated on innovation, for example, computer games, they before long expend ones life. Individuals discover computer games energizing also fun, yet what they cannot deny is that when they constantly play them, the y can be effectively dependent a fixated on them.Many individuals squander their lives away simply sitting before their TV playing computer games the entire day and night. Innovation can likewise be a happening interruption for some and this can cause numerous issues. The Internet is one of the numerous types of innovation we use on an everyday premise, and it tends to be exceptionally useful or very diverting. At the point when we become diverted with the Internet we free all different needs that should be done, for example, our homework, work, or even youngsters. This is one of the numerous reasons why we should restrain ourselves to the utilization of innovation. By constraining ourselves we are sparing ourselves from getting dependent and obsessed.Secondly, we may wind up losing our control in time the board and mess up our lives. At the point when we don't observe how we make use with our time, we can forget about what should be finished. Time the executives is a significant fa ctor in our lives and when we lose sight on that we may wind up overlooking significant errands. Computer games are one of the numerous advances we utilize the greater part within recent memory doing and shield us from accomplishing our work. Young people nowadays have gotten awful evaluations and bombed classes since they invest an excess of energy playing computer games and very little time on their schoolwork.We additionally wind up losing time we could be spending dealing with our profession. Rather than working up our vocation we will in general burn through that time on the Internet or computer games. At the point when advances, for example, computer games or the Internet replace homework or our profession, we lose all order in time the executives. Individuals who don't make some great memories the board likewise will in general lose companions; they separation themselves by continually being on the PC or computer game. Nobody needs an individual as a companion if all the pers on does is play computer games and nothing else.When individuals are losing companions since they are continually playing on the PC or computer games, we realize something must not be solid. Time the executives is probably the most serious issue we face when innovation is in our everyday concentration and need. We likewise will in general remain inside the entire day on the Internet or playing computer games, and this devours constantly we could be utilizing for outside exercise and wellness. Individuals can become debilitated on the grounds that they are not getting enough exercise for the duration of the day; they become apathetic and procrastinate.Staring at a screen isn't solid for your body intellectually and truly; it influences your cerebrum and your physical prosperity. At the point when our mind ingests a lot of ultra violet beams it really influences our creative mind and manner of thinking, and when we sit before a screen for a specific measure of time we can really pick up pause and become undesirable. This is second explanation with regards to why we should restrain our utilization of advances; they can without much of a stretch become our main needs throughout everyday life and can demolish a potential future or profession. Ultimately, since innovation includes progressed inside the most recent few years it has become less private.The additional time you put into refreshing statuses, transferring pictures, and conversing with individuals on line, the a greater amount of your own life will show up everywhere throughout the internet. Each easily overlooked detail we do online has become less and less protected and private, when we invest such a great amount of energy in the PC we could wind up putting material up we never proposed everybody on the planet to see. At the point when we invest an excessive amount of energy in destinations, for example, Facebook we become progressively defenseless to attack of our security, this is when circumstances ca n get dangerous.Since the headway of innovation individuals can hack into different people’s PCs and take passwords and private data we contain. There are such huge numbers of miscreants out there that when we are so into whatever we are doing on the web we lose all good judgment in wellbeing and protection. When individuals put their data on the Internet it is highly unlikely of taking it off, so the lawbreakers could without much of a stretch discover them. Another model would be the utilization of E-straight; such huge numbers of individuals utilize this continually and really are losing cash. There are many individuals out there that will trick you and take your cash, for example, sending counterfeit checks and such.We should be increasingly cautious when we work together over the Internet, it’s undependable. This is exceptionally risky, so how you invest and limit your energy in such advancements is significant for ones wellbeing just as another’s. Thinking back around 10 years prior when they didn’t have computer games, fast Internet, or cellphones with great association life was a lot more secure and more beneficial. Individuals were consistently outside and when they needed to converse with somebody they would go to them and would have a real discussion eye to eye. These days we remain associated with individuals over the Internet and construct connections online.We have gotten apathetic in our day by day living. On the off chance that we didn’t invest so much energy utilizing the Internet, telephone, computer game, or TV, we wouldn’t need to manage a large portion of the issues that are happening now, for example, robbery, sluggishness, lethargy, and heftiness. A portion of the reasons for these issues would be habit, loss of time the executives, and attack of protection. Innovation, these days have become the principle wellspring of the vast majority of our violations, issues, and mishaps. By constraining our utilization of these innovations we limit the issues that will possibly happen.

Live Online Training Hear It From People Who Experienced It

Live Online Training: Hear It From People Who Experienced It With our Designing Semantic Technology Proof-of-Concept: The live internet preparing that will assist you with conveying an effective projectâ approaching, we figured you might want to hear what individuals who previously went to it in December and February considered it.Just to remind you quickly, this time we have 3 value bundles: for business, scholastic staff and gatherings of more than 3 people.The preparing is appropriate for item chiefs, framework modelers, engineers and scholarly scientists and during the live meetings our specialists will take you through the nuts and bolts of semantic innovation so as to assist you with building a fruitful PoC with it.How did the past gathering like it? Here is the thing that some of them shared. The preparation is generally useful to get me acquainted with GraphDB rapidly. The preparation can assist me with understanding significant semantic web and metaphysics ideas and information, and see how to use and actualize the information in GraphDB. The two pre-online class preparing presents semantic web information and afterward allowed me to handle 12 activities to get acquainted with the educated information. The pre-preparing helps construct a strong establishment for utilizing GraphDB and the online class. The online course is awesome to present OntoRefine for bunch creating triples to be embedded into GraphDB, and inquiry the information to get knowledge. At that point an activity is requesting that the members complete a comparative undertaking. The online course is in general accommodating to kick me off with genuine errands. I feel that a legitimization of for what reason to utilize OntoRefine would be acceptable. It is useful to cover other genuine errands for embedding s and refreshing information. Are there different instruments for carrying out these responsibilities? I might likewise want to realize how to keep up the information consistency and uprightness, how to discover and manage awful or conflicting information, and how to gauge the nature of information and so forth. A prologue to connectors would likewise be useful. Generally speaking, much obliged for your training!Mithun K.M., Project Lead, Impelsys Structuring Semantic Technology PoC with GraphDB Training was directed on Dec 13, 2016. It was a definite meeting covering different highlights of GraphDB. It likewise remembered not many hands-for practices on SPARQL inquiries. Meeting was nitty gritty and had sufficient opportunity to evaluate practices during the session.We additionally got commonsense presentation of RDFizing the information and bringing in it to GraphDB archive utilizing OntoRefine device, this device is utilized for changing over even information into RDF and has been coordinated with GraphDB 8.The pre-preparing materials were exceptionally helpful in understanding the fundamental ideas of the philosophy world.I would prescribe this meeting to any individual who is searching for useful presentation to Semantics, ontologies, RDFizing the information and working of Data sets.Sreejith K, Team Lead, ImpelsysWe had experienced a phenomenal preparing on prologue to semantic innovation, and this gave a profound knowle dge to RDF, ontologies and GraphDBs conduct and semantic innovation. The preparation materials, web based preparing and POCs were phenomenal. Because of Ontotext for giving such a training.Mikhail Reyderman, Software Engineer, Dun BradstreetThe preparing shows a make way between level information sources and a helpful information graph.Interested? Go to our preparation page where you can learn detailsâ or contact the group for explicit inquiries.

Where Have I Been

Where Have I Been Oh, what a bad blogger I have been. I was lamenting to Matt last week that I havent had a chance to think up any good entries sorry guys. Hope to fix that soon! So what have I been doing First, a variety of backend stuff with the web site that was long overdue. Lots of it you cant really see, but I can see it, and it makes me happy. Youll just have to trust me. :-) Second, Ive been trying to build some new relationships around campus and add a variety of guest authors to our blogging program to fill in specific holes. Recent additions include Prof. Eric Grimson, our first faculty author (yay!); Laurie Everett, who will bring MIT World directly to our site; and Mirat Shah, a junior who is studying abroad via the Cambridge-MIT Exchange. Im really excited to have these folks share their experiences with you and look forward to additional guest authors including folks from MISTI and MasLab, coming very soon. Third, weve recently launched some new recruitment initiatives. While I love the writing and design tasks that come with this, they do take up quite a bit of time! Fourth, Campus Preview Weekend (CPW) is right around the corner. Its our biggest weekend of the year, so we begin working on it months in advance. Fifth, after two years Nance still cant publish his own entries (or even manage to deliver them to me in html-friendly ASCII). So when you see a new Nance entry, you know how it got there. Sixth, there are these applications lying around the office. One of these days I should really maybe read a few of them. Seventh, American Idol is back. Nuff said. So I hope you guys are hanging in there and not stressing too much. Ill write a decent entry soon; I know I owe you one, big time.

E-learning Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2820 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Critical essay Did you like this example? Introduction This paper aims to critically explore the use of e-learning in the workplace, identifying both its benefits and its limitations as a viable alternative to more traditional forms of training and education at work. It begins by examining the growth in the use of e-learning systems and the rationale for this, and outlines its various forms. The paper then investigates the relative benefits e-learning has for organisations alongside some of the perceived challenges and criticisms of its use. The paper concludes by summarising the key learning points raised. The growth of E-Learning Globally, the e-learning market has been growing rapidly, and e-learning is beginning to emerge as the new model of training and education across a wide range of different sectors and industries (Su et al, 2008). This growth has resulted in part from extensive changes in the working environment, and from a shift from a product-based economy to a knowledge-based one, meaning that there is a more pressing need to train and educate workforces in new technologies and services (Ong, Lai and Wang, 2004). In addition, technological advancement and challenges in technology-oriented working life have paved the way for new forms of electronic learning (Cheng et al, 2014). Consequently, e-learning now accounts for a significant proportion of corporate investment in workforce training (Deeney, 2003). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "E-learning Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order Understanding the nature of E-Learning Systems According to Govindasamy (2002), e-learning is a learning experience that is delivered by electronic technologies including for example, the use of the internet, intranets, interactive TV, virtual classrooms and so forth. However, there is no clear agreement on its definition and as a concept, it has been researched in various forms such as an instructional medium (Salas et al, 2002), a training method (Burgess and Russell, 2003), and a learning environment (DeRouin, Fritzsche and Salas, 2005). It has been reported that the lack of consensus over the typology of e-learning in an organisational setting, the vagueness of the terminology used, the vastness in the range of technology and pedagogy involved demonstrates the complexity of e-learning as an entity (Cheng et al, 2014). For some, e-learning is considered only as a mechanism for delivering training and education via electronic medium (Engelbrecht, 2005), whereas for others, it is seen as a distinct form of learning which uses collaboration, internet-based communication and the transfer of knowledge to enhance and develop both the individual themselves and their organisation (Kelly and Bauer, 2004). Whichever way it is viewed, the growth of the e-learning market has resulted in the development and innovation of a vast range of different e-learning technologies including media streaming, providing learners with a much more stimulating and interactive learning experience (Liu, Liao and Pratt, 2009). The Benefits of E-Learning Some of the most commonly cited benefits of using e-learning systems as a means of training and educating the workforce include: a reduction in costs due to decreasing the amount of time spent off-site at expensive courses, travel and venue costs, and allowing more effectual use of downtime at work (Jewson, Felsted and Green, 2015); overcoming the limitations of time and physical space to deliver training courses (Gordon, 2003); an increase in the level of compliance to mandatory training for large workforces (Harun, 2002); increased convenience for the participants themselves in terms of choosing when to undertake training and access the course materials (Capper, 2001); and not needing to depend on the time or availability of a trainer (Bouhnik and Marcus, 2006). It has been claimed that with e-learning, employees are able to take part in self-faced and interactive learning that would otherwise not be possible, and that the learner-centered approach required by e-learning influ ences employees to alter their learning behaviours within their work environment as well as being an influential training tool (Bandura, 2002). However, it has also been noted that learner control does not always deliver better outcomes; in that programmes and resources may be used superficially whereby learners skim read the e-learning materials without really absorbing the meaning of what is intended to be conveyed (Kraiger and Jerden, 2007). It has been noted that e-learning can also be useful to organisations in terms of standardising their training and in delivering it simultaneously to large geographically dispersed employees (Brown and Charlier, 2013). Required training can also be delivered much more quickly to large numbers of staff than with more traditional approaches (Welsh et al, 2003). Furthermore, in comparison to more traditional classroom based training, studies have found that e-learning can be just as effective, and has advantages in terms of helping to over come learning barriers associated with introversion and physical distance (McKenzie and Murray, 2010). However, it has also been recognised that undertaking e-learning may require better personal time management and study skills than those needed in a more directed taught environment (Helyer, 2010), and that e-learning may not be appropriate for all types of learning and content (Welsh et al, 2003). Another, less frequently cited benefit of e-learning is that it has the potential to manage the growth in the amount of information that employees are required to learn. It is claimed that this growth has often led to information overload during training sessions, leading to ineffective training where learners cannot retain all that is being presented to them. By conducting the training via e-learning and only the most interactive part in a traditional classroom setting, the information can be delivered over a longer period of time, and therefore improve information retention (Welsh e t al, 2003). Finally, a further potential benefit of e-learning programmes is their capacity to track the activity of learners and their level of achievement in terms of online testing of learner activities (Welsh et al, 2003). Within e-learning, tracking and storage can be made automated. This is particularly beneficial when training is required to demonstrate compliance to mandatory training requirements for example (Welsh et al, 2003). Limitations of E-Learning Systems Whilst the benefits of e-learning systems are widely recognised, it has also been criticised as not being as effective or inclusive as more traditional approaches to training and education, and concerns have been expressed that e-learning sometimes fails to live up to its full potential demonstrated through high attrition and sometimes low usage rates (Wang, 2010). Deltsidou et al (2010) found that some individuals who use e-learning systems experience higher levels of anxiety when doing so due to limited IT skills, which subsequently has a detrimental impact on their experience of learning. It has also been argued that for those who are more computer literate, some traditional types of e-learning programmes are found to be restrictive and do not facilitate effective self-directed learning (Pata, 2009). The lack of learner interaction that occurs in the more traditional classroom setting has also been identified as a potential drawback for e-learning programmes (Brown and Charli er, 2013). In particular, it is felt that senior management could become too preoccupied with the capability to push information onto employees and forget that in order for learning to become embedded it involves more than just information provision and instead also requires practice, feedback, and guidance (Welsh et al, 2003). Other limitations of e-learning systems which have been identified stem from problems associated with the technology itself. In particular, unreliable IT systems can act as a key barrier to e-learning with insufficient access to technical support, freezing computer screens, intermittent internet connections, and excessively long download times for accessing course material (Creedy et al, 2007). Issues around security such as computer hacking and viruses can also be problematic for e-learning programmes and the organisations who use them (Ramim and Levy, 2006). From a cost point of view, implementing e-learning systems often involves high levels of upfro nt investment to purchase not only the hardware that is required, but also in relation to the ongoing costs involved in maintaining and renewing licenses that are often associated with external e-learning packages (Childs et al, 2005). Specific costs include development costs to design and build the actual courses as well as hardware and software costs to allow users to access the training (Welsh et al, 2003). Furthermore, conducting testing of learning can be challenging with e-learning in relation to assuring the authenticity of those taking the test or exam (Gunasekaran, McNeil and Shaul, 2002). Acceptance of E-learning in the workplace The acceptance of e-learning as an appropriate means of training and education by employees is critical to its successful implementation in the workplace, and the reasons why employees might accept or reject such technology must be considered by organisations (Joo Yoo, Han and Huang, 2012). One of the main theories used to explain such acceptance and the relative success or failure of the implementation of new technology such as e-learning, is the technology acceptance model (TAM) (Liu, Liao and Pratt, 2009). The TAM was derived from the theory of reasoned action and proposes two specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ c perspectives on why new technology is accepted or not which relate to the usefulness of the technology and its ease of use (Vijayasarathy, 2004). The greater the perceived usefulness and ease of use of a system, the stronger the willingness and intention is to use it (Davis, 1989). The perceived usefulness relates to the extent to which it is considered that the technology will imp rove performance, and the perceived ease of use is the degree to which it is believed that using the technology will be unproblematic (Davis et al, 1989). In relation to e-learning, Ong, Lai and Wang (2004) identified that computer self-efficacy significantly impacts on its perceived usefulness and ease of use, with those who have higher levels of computer self-efficacy being much more likely to have positive perceptions of usefulness and ease of use. Therefore, organisations need to take into consideration the level of computer efficacy amongst its workforce before implementing e-learning. Associated with the TAM is the theory of flow. This theory is concerned with concentration and asserts that when individuals are in flow, they become engrossed in their activity, and according to Liu, Liao and Pratt (2009), this theory can help to explain the intended and actual use of e-learning programmes by individuals. Media rich and interactive e-learning systems are more likely to eng age individuals and result in flow which then impacts on their learning outcomes and experience. Critics of e-learning state that a high level of self-motivation is needed in order to effectively complete programmes, and Roca and Gagne (2008) propose that self-determination theory is useful for conceptualizing the influence of organisational factors in an individuals motivation to use e-learning. From their study, they found that individuals were more likely to continue using e-learning when they feel autonomous, competent and enjoy using it. They conclude that consistent with self-directed theory, when individuals participate in learning because it is interesting and enjoyable, they are more likely to engage with it and benefit from it. Conclusion From the critical review above, it is evident that the use of e-learning, as a model of training and education in the workplace, is growing at a rapid pace in response to the demands from ever changing working environments, shifts towards knowledge based economies, and advancements in technology. Numerous benefits of e-learning have been identified focusing mainly around cost savings, learner convenience, flexibility, consistency and particularly in its ability to provide training and education to large, dispersed workforces simultaneously. However, a number of challenges for organisations have also been identified around, gaining the acceptance of the workforce in implementing such e-learning technologies, underpinned by different theories such as TAM, flow and self-determination theory. Other limitations of e-learning have also been cited in relation to high start-up costs and problems associated with equipment and internet problems. Further concerns that have been identifi ed in the current literature are around the lack of interaction between learners with e-learning which exists with the more traditional classroom learning environment. However, despite the identified limitations, it would appear that e-learning in the workplace is going to continue to grow alongside continuous advancements in associated technology, and sophistication of e-learning programme design. In addition, computer usage and the use of digital technologies is expanding and becoming the norm and so acceptance of e-learning is becoming much more prevalent. It is therefore likely to continue to form a significant proportion of corporate investment in workforce training and development in the future. References Bandura, A. (2002) Social cognitive theory in cultural context, Applied Psychology, Vol. 51 (2), pp. 269. Bouhnik, D. and Marcus, T. (2006). Interaction in distance-learning courses. Journal of the American Society Information Science and Technology, Vol. 57 (3), pp. 299à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"305. Brown, K.G. and Charlier, S.D. (2013) An integrative model of e-learning use: Leveraging theory to understand and increase usage, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 23 (1), pp. 37-49. Burgess, J. R. D. and Russell, J. E. A. (2003). The effectiveness of distance learning initiatives in organizations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 63, pp. 289à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"303. Capper, J. (2001). E-learning growth and promise for the developing world. TechKnowLogia, pp. 7-10. Cheng, B., Wang. M., MÃÆ' ¸rch, A.I., Chen, N.C., Kinshuk, J. and Spector, M. (2014) Research on e-learning in the workplace 2000à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2012: A bibliometric analysis of the literature, Educational Research Review, Vol. 11, pp. 56à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"72. Childs, S., Blenkinsopp, E., Hall, A. and Walton, G. (2005) Effective e-learning for health professionals and studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ barriers and their solutions. A systematic review of the literature: findings from the HeXL project, Health Information and Libraries Journal, Vol. 22, pp.20à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"32. Creedy, D.K., Mitchell, M., Seaton-Sykes, P., Cooke, M., Patterson, E., Purcell, C., -Weeks, P. (2007). Evaluating a web-enhanced bachelor of nursing curriculum: perspectives of third-year students. Journal of Nursing Education, Vol. 46 (10), pp. 460à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"467. Davis, F.D. (1989) Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 13 (3), pp. 318à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"339. Davis, F.D., Bagozzi, R.P., Warshaw, P.R. (1989) User acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models, Management Science, Vol. 35 (8), pp. 982à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1003. Deeney, E. (2003) Calculating the real value of e-learning. Industrial Commercial Training, Vol. 35 (2/3), pp. 70à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"72. Deltsidou, A., Voltyraki, E.G., Mastrogiannis, D., Noula, M., 2010. Undergraduate nursing students computer skills assessment: a study in Greece. Health Science Journal, Vol. 4 (3), p. 182. DeRouin, R. E., Fritzsche, B. A. and Salas, E. (2005a). Learner control and workplace e-learning: Design, person, and organizational issues. In J. Martocchio (Ed.). Research in personnel and human resources management (Vol. 24, pp. 181à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"214). New York: Elsevier. Engelbrecht, E. (2005) Adapting to changing expectations: Postgraduate students experience of an e-learning tax program. Computers and Education, Vol. 45 (2), pp. 217à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"229. Gordon, J. (2003) E-learning Tagged as Best Corporate IT Investment, E-learning, Vol. 4 (1), pp. 8. Govindasamy, T. (2002) Successful implementation of e-learning ped agogical considerations, Internet and Higher Education, Vol. 4 (3), pp. 287à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"299. Gunasekaran, A., McNeil, R. D. and Shaul, D. (2002) E-learning: Research and applications. Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 34 (2), pp. 44à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"54. Harun, M.H. (2002) Integrating e-learning into the workplace, Internet and Higher Education, Vol. 4 (3/4), pp. 301à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"310. Helyer, R. (2010) The Work-Based Learning Students Handbook. Basingstoke: MacMillan. Jewson, N., Felstead, A. and Green, F. (2015) Training in the public sector in a period of austerity: the case of the UK, Journal of Education and Work, Vol. 28 (3), pp. 228-249. Joo Yoo, S., Han, S. and Huang, W. (2012) The roles of intrinsic motivators and extrinsic motivators in promoting e-learning in the workplace: A case from South Korea, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 28, pp. 942à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"950. Kelly, T. and Bauer, D. (2004). Managing Intellectual capital via e-learning at Cisco. In C. Holsapple (Ed.), Handbook on knowledge management 2: Knowledge directions (pp. 511à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"532). Berlin, Germany: Springer. Kraiger, K. and Jerden, E. (2007). A new look at learner control: Meta-analytic results and directions for future research. In S. M. Fiore, E. Salas (Eds.), Where is the Learning in Distance Learning? Towards a science of distributed learning and training (pp. 65à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"90). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Liu, S.H., Liao, H.L. and Pratt, J.A. (2009) Impact of media richness and flow on e-learning technology acceptance, Computers and Education, Vol. 52, pp. 599à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"607. McKenzie, K. and Murray, A. (2010) E-learning benefits nurse education and helps shape students professional identity, Nursing Times, Vol. 106 (5), pp.17-19. Ong, C.S., Lai, J.Y. and Wang, Y.S. (2004) Factors affecting engineers acceptance of asynchronous e-learning systems in high-tech companies, Information Mana gement, Vol. 41, pp. 795à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"804. Pata, K. (2009) Modeling spaces for self-directed learning at university courses. Educational Technology Society, Vol. 12 (3), pp. 23à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"43. Ramim, M. and Levy, Y. (2006). Securing e-learning systems: A case of insider cyber-attacks and novice IT management in a small university. Journal of Cases on Information Technology, Vol. 8 (4), pp. 24à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"34. Roca, J.C. and Gagne, M. (2008) Understanding e-learning continuance intention in the workplace: A self-determination theory perspective, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 24, pp. 1585à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1604. Salas, E., Kosarzycki, M. P., Burke, C. S., Fiore, S. M. and Stone, D. L. (2002). Emerging themes in distance learning research and practice: Some food for thought, International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 4, pp. 135à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"153. Sun, P.C., Tsai, R.J., Finger, G., Chen, Y.Y. and Yeh, D. (2008) What drives a successful e- Learni ng? An empirical investigation of the critical factors influencing learner satisfaction, Computers Education, Vol. 50 (4), pp. 1183à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"1202. Vijayasarathy, L.R. (2004) Predicting consumer intentions to use on-line shopping: the case for an augmented technology acceptance model, Information Management, Vol. 41, pp. 747à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"762. Wang, G. G. (2010) Theorizing e-learning participation: A study of the HRD online communities in the USA. Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 34, pp. 344à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"364. Welsh, E.T., Wanberg, C.R., Brown, K.G. and Simmering, M.J. (2003) E-learning: emerging uses, empirical results and future directions, International Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 7 (4), pp. 245-258.

Project Review - 1224 Words

Policy review Abstract: To come out with an interim report to examine and review the MacVille policy and procedure documents to determine the shortfalls between required sustainable practices and documented approaches to the same. In addition, to review current usage of resources to gain understanding of potential for recommending change to organisational practices.Moreover, to develop an implementation plan for the new and revised policy documents. 1. Interim report 2.1 identify and describe required sustainability initiatives for MacVille †¢MacVille need to make it eco-efficiency by using less energy, material and water, more recycling. †¢By re-programming of all the air-conditioning services and switching off the lights at†¦show more content†¦Otherwise, penalty is required. †¢encourage staff to use dual-flush capability of toilets †¢use less paper as possible †¢better waste management 4.8 detail †¢embed the sustainability initiatives in the policy documents including describing the roles and responsibilities of the employers and employees in this issue. Also, implement the initiatives into day-to-day operations, clear and definite the position descriptions of all roles and authorities. 4.9 evaluation †¢to evaluate the efficient of the initiatives can be done by comparing the expense report every week or every month to check if it reduce the waste management costs or the usage of energy, material and water. †¢the sustainability performance can be evaluated through checking the number of prosecutions or environmental incidents. †¢checking the quantities of emissions and percentage of waste recycled 4.10 timelines and milestone 1. phase 1 †¢the company need to recruit staff to fill places in the new work team. In the end of this phase, the team should get organized and it should include someone to coordinate the planning process. 2. phase 2 †¢the sustainability coordinator or someone might go through the workplace to complete the first research and assess the environmental, economicShow MoreRelatedManagement And Project Review Process1361 Words   |  6 PagesGovernance 1) Management and Project Review Process: a) Medical Executive Committee- will commit the time and financial resources necessary to implement and maintain the LACE Index CDS Tool. b) Decision Support Project Steering Committee- responsible for the oversight and direction of the CDS program. 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How Laughter Benefits Our Health Free Essays

It is a known fact that laughter is advantageous and useful to our health. Many specialists agree that laughter brings to numerous positive effects of psychological nature, and also it improves our physical condition. For example, according to a recent study of medical researchers from the University of Maryland, laughter helps to keep our facial muscles in tonus, lowers the risks of heart attack, improves our immune system, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on How Laughter Benefits Our Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now Besides, it was discovered that laughter can play the role of an analgesic, relieve pains, increase pain tolerance threshold, and this effect is a psychological one, because no prove of a related chemical reaction was found (Reader’s Digest, 2005). At the same time, there are other psychological outcomes of laughter. Elisabeth Scott, a stress management and family therapy specialist, points on various positive effects of laughter as one of the most effective tools to control and manage our stresses. Those include opportunities to distract and to divert one’s attention from anger, depression, tension, or other distressing emotions to funny and joyful things, and this way to avoid possible harmful aftereffects of stresses. In addition, â€Å"..laughter provides a physical and emotional release,† it helps to relax, feel more comfortable and hopeful (Scott, 2007). Finally, laughter can be a good exercise to improve own self-perception and abilities to interact, because it helps us establish good contact and socialize more effectively. Undoubtedly, laughter is very healthy for human psychology and mind, because it helps to develop positive and enthusiastic disposition, forms optimistic perspectives, as well as stimulates good and cheerful mood. Specialists found out that young children laugh about 400 times a day, however, adult people laugh only about 17 times a day (Scott, 2007). That is why it is vital to incorporate into our daily routine more and more of good but controlled laughter, which will help to take this life less seriously and focus on positive or encouraging ideas. References Laugh Your Way to Good Health. (2005, September). Reader’s Digest. The Reader’s Digest Association Inc. Retrieved January 19, 2008 Scott, E. (2007, November 7). The Stress Management and Health Benefits of Laughter. About. About Inc., The New York Times Company. Retrieved January 19, 2008, from ;http://stress.about.com/od/stresshealth/a/laughter.htm;. How to cite How Laughter Benefits Our Health, Essay examples

War from Myceneans to Rome Essay Example For Students

War from Myceneans to Rome Essay 7 July 2002WAR FROM MYCENEANS TO ROMEThe modern day soldier did not arrive at the current level of training methods overnight. Throughout history warfare techniques and strategies have evolved from the earliest primitive battles to the latest technologies. The only way to learn about war is to study the past engagements and lessons learned. There are nine principles of war as follows: Objective, Offensive, Mass, Economy of force, Maneuver, Unity of command, Security, Surprise, and Simplicity. These are the areas of study in order to gain a better understanding of what to do and what to avoid during any engagement. The battles from yesterday differ from those in recent years and today, because the more primitive cultures fought under their leader for food, territory, or the domination of another group. Todays motives are based more on economic, political, or social reasons regarded as appropriate by a group of individuals instead of the thoughts or intentions of one man. We will write a custom essay on War from Myceneans to Rome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Mainland Greece is the first study of warfare in the selected readings and by 1600 B.C. a civilization emerged from the Hellas culture and the Minoan culture. This group, known as the Myceneans, fought using chariots and armor made of bronze. By the eighth century B.C., the Myceneans art of war consisted of the phalanx. The phalanx was a solid rectangle of infantrymen carrying armor and spears eight deep. When an army approached another army the phalanxes of both sides would come head to head. The soldiers, who were normally citizens not professional soldiers, would find themselves in the midst of blood and sweat pouring out of the bodies surrounding them from the hand to hand combat. The only way of victory was to hold the lines strong and fight until the other side fled. The problems with this type of formation was that there was no overall leadership within the phalanx, no reserve was established to outflank the opposing army, and there was no way to pursue the fleeing enemy, left them capable to heal and fight another day. The technique of phalanx had not changed for some time and the Greek warfare stayed the same due to no major opposition force that used different techniques against Greek system. The phalanx was also used because it was a proven technique that had been tested and used successfully. Other factors governing the Greek warfare from the eight to fourth century B.C. were terrain consideration, food shortages, and the unwritten warrior code, which would not allow the Greek infantryman to aggressively attack a community itself. The Persian Imperial soldier used a different weapon, the bow, and preferred to engage the enemy from a distance. Although the average soldier also wielded a spear and a knife for close combat, the standard scheme was to launch a barrage of arrows from a safe distance from the Mycenean phalanx. A Persian foot soldier as well as a cavalry soldier usually wore little armor as opposed to the Mycenean infantry soldier. The Persians launched an offensive effort against Greece to stop the eventual takeover of their soil. The most noteworthy fact of the Persian Wars is that the Greek armies never launched an offensive attack on the Persians, but instead kept to defensive positions that protected them from wide open areas and the Persian assaults. The Persian Wars did expose a weakness; the Greek states were unprepared to cooperate together as a coalition against an outsiders attack. The problem of the city-states not cooperating was resolved by forming a new alliance, the Delian League, which was converted into the Athenian Empire. At the heart of the union was a new form of tactic, a navy to control the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean Seas. With a navy to control the waters, the trade market grew and guaranteed the Athenian control of all commercial wealth. The Athenian control of the surrounding areas caused the remainder of the states in Greece to turn to Sparta. The Spartans were a true martial culture that was left to concentrate solely on military training. The Spartans conquered the Messenians in the eight century and the dominated citizens were used to cultivate the land. The Spartan family consisted of warriors, male and female, that began training at the age of seven to the age of sixty. The sole purpose of every Spartan citizen was military service. Infants that were born less than perfect were rejected and marriages of fit male and female were encou raged. The problem with this type of culture is that there is little evidence of development in arts after the Messenian defeat. .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498 , .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498 .postImageUrl , .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498 , .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498:hover , .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498:visited , .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498:active { border:0!important; } .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498:active , .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498 .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uff5c9fa144d259950a37731002eca498:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child development EssayThe Athenian and Spartan armies were the greatest powers on the peninsula (one on land and the other at sea), and the two met together only fifty years after the defeat of the Persians. When the Athenian navy placed a boycott on Megara, the Spartans were forced to try and stop the eventual total takeover of Greece. The problem of not being able to fight on the oppositions ground, either sea or land, caused the two nations to make changes to the previous Greek art of war. The lighter-armored infantry soldiers were added to the ground order of battle, which was observed from the Persian Wars to be just as effective as heavily armored infantrymen in a p halanx. The Spartan army eventually prevailed. Sparta was left as the greatest power in Greece and with that came responsibility to control the rest of the empire, but the Spartans were unprepared to hold Greece together due to the fact that the only training the citizens had received was in military not political matters. Thebes took over handling Greece from the Spartans after the victory at the battle of Leuctra (371 B.C.). By the time that Theban power had control of the empire, there was too much lost over the past Peloponnesian War and they ran out of manpower to control Greece, and were thus conquered by the Macedonian army at the battle of Chaeronaea (338 B.C.). Phillip II was the creator of the greatest military power of the time, the Macedonia army. This army used a stronger phalanx that had sixteen ranks, and its arsenal consisted of towers, rams, and catapults. After the assassination of Phillip II, his son Alexander took control as the master of Greece. Alexander the Great was the greatest military leader of his time, and he took his fathers goal of obtaining Persia seriously. Alexanders campaign took him further out of Greece and towards the end of the third century B.C., his Empire controlled lands in Syria, Egypt, Babylonia, and of course Persia. Also during this time a new army was formed in Italy at Rome. The Romans discovered that the phalanx was not an effective formation and developed the maniple. Each maniple consisted of about 120 men arranged in a checkered board pattern of 30 maniples and was proven to be effective in Italy. They key to the Romans success was that each new state was not treated as a servant, but as an ally of Rome. With Italy under its control, Rome was forced to move to surrounding areas due to troubles with the merchants at sea. Sicily became the first offshore ally of Rome during the first Punic War, but navy superiority was not established. Carthage was working on reestablishing itself under the leadership of Hannibal. Controlling the surrounding water of the western Mediterranean, Hannibal moved to engage the Romans and almost conquered them at Cannae (216 B.C.), where the largest Roman army was surrounded, enveloped, and destroyed. The Romans needed military leadership to outwit Hannibal and found it in Scipio. Scipio made the maniples stronger than ever and increased the amount of horsemen in the cavalry to solve the problem that the Romans had against Hannibal. By using adapting techniques to envelop and control sea power, Scipio was able to defeat Carthage at the battle of Zama (202 B.C.), and thus the Romans were ready to expand their empire from Spain to Asia Minor and from Britain to Northern Africa. SOURCES USEDPreston, Richard A., Alex Roland, and Sydney F. Wise. MenIn Arms: A History of Warfare and its interrelationshipsWith Western Society. (Belmont, California:Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2001). Chap 1-3Warry, John. Warfare in the Classical World: An IllustratedEncyclopedia of Weapons, Warriors, and Warfare in the Ancient Civilisations of Greece and Rome. (Norman, Oklahoma:University of Oklahoma Press, 1995). Chap 1-13

The Future of Job Search Strategies Findings of Career Jam 2017

The Future of Job Search Strategies Findings of Career Jam 2017 Good news! The Findings of 2017 Career Jam: Where Experts Forecast the New the Next, has been released by the Career Thought Leaders Consortium! This report summarizes the findings of brainstorming sessions about the future of job search strategies, which were held on December 1, 2017 in the United States, Canada, Spain, France, Austria, and the United Kingdom. Want to listen to a webinar about it? Go to this video about the future of job search strategies. Career Jam participants discussed topics with significant ramifications for job seekers: â€Å"best practices, innovations, trends, new programs, new processes, and other observations that are currently impacting, and are projected to impact, global employment, job search, and career management.† The sections that most interest me in the report are â€Å"Career Marketing Messages Documents† and â€Å"Social Media Profiles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which include resumes, cover letters, and LinkedIn profiles, as well as other career marketing communications. I also wanted to highlight a couple of items for the future of job search strategy. Here are some of the findings and advice to keep in mind as you conduct your job search now or in the future: Career Marketing Messages Documents: Current Trends Resumes are not dead! While the use of LinkedIn profiles in the hiring process is on the rise in both the U.S. and Europe, most hiring managers still require a resume at some point in the hiring process, and your resume WILL make an impression. Use graphics. The use of graphic resumes is becoming more and more common – but make sure your graphics serve a specific purpose and communicate your value. Don’t get too creative. Infographic resumes are NOT hot. Supplemental materials in infographic form are welcome, however. ATS systems are becoming more advanced. Writers must satisfy both machines and humans with proper format and keywords. Make sure you’re on top of the latest capabilities and capacities of ATS systems. You might be surprised what they can and can’t understand. Job hopper? You’ll have a stigma to overcome if you’re a participant in the gig economy. The great cover letter debate: They are still important! When they are read, they can make the difference between candidates. Keep ‘em short and focused on a targeted, unique value proposition. Be careful about posting your resume to online job boards. Don’t put anything confidential on there! The public can gain access. Focus your career documents on what you can do for the employer. As I like to say, your resume is not about your past. It’s about your future. Track your success stories. Don’t wait until resume writing time to gather your successes. Keep a running list at all times! Career Marketing Messages Documents: What to Expect The use of multimedia will continue to increase. New tools will emerge. But the underlying message will remain, communicating your value. Cover letters will rebound. Lengthier cover letters might start to replace the resume. These letters would be highly researched and targeted to the company, for both contract workers and those applying to full-time positions. Social Media Profiles, Video Bios, Web Portfolios and Other Multimedia Tools: Current Trends Many of these recommendations can be found in my book, How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. It’s good to see people are listening and also confirming what works! LinkedIn profiles are becoming more multi-media with the addition of video. Use LinkedIns media features to attract more and longer profile views. Slideshows, infographics, and videos are all game. Your social media profile content must be aligned with your resume. This doesn’t mean they must be exactly alike. But as more recruiters are sourcing and screening candidates’ social media profiles during the hiring process, make sure you provide good resume-like content on LinkedIn. There is a trend toward shorter LinkedIn sections. You don’t necessarily have to use all the characters available. But if you have enough good stuff to say, why not? LinkedIn profiles are less job-search focused. Professionals are using LinkedIn for general branding purposes, not just for job search. Use storytelling concepts in your LinkedIn profile. LinkedIn profiles are not a dry narrative of your resume. Instead, consider who your audience is and who YOU are, and brand yourself with a story that stands out. Don’t appear unemployed or desperate on LinkedIn! ‘Nuf said. Professionals are getting savvier in their online search optimization. Make sure you are savvy with your keywords and keyword placement too! Personal websites have not become integrated into the hiring process for most recruiters, but they are useful for long-term branding. Social Media Profiles, Video Bios, Web Portfolios and Other Multimedia Tools: What’s Next With more video interviewing, candidate-driven video resumes are not welcome. Companies will specify any video content they want and when. People are concerned about sharing of profiles with Microsoft integration. I’m not as concerned. I don’t think that many people will even use this fancy feature  (Microsoft Resume Assistant), and no one can steal your content if you write it as your unique self with accomplishments no one else can claim. The Future of Job Search Strategy Job search is now quality over quantity. In the future of job search, focus is on relationship building with recruiters and companies. Cultivate your chances of getting a job that’s a great fit instead of applying to hundreds where your chances are slim. Networking is king, especially with the burgeoning of employee referral programs. More individuals (millennials) are negotiating salary and benefits during the interview process. Indeed.com is the preferred job board to use, if you’re using job boards. What? Snail mail? YES – mailing hard copies will get you attention from hiring managers. Do it! More and more individuals are in constant job search mode. This means every professional should have a resume and LinkedIn profile that make them shine and that they are proud of! References are more important than ever. So cultivate your relationships with potential references always. States and organizations are prohibiting hiring managers from asking about previous salary. Get coaching if you’re concerned you might be asked this question – and understand the company’s compensation structure and philosophy before entering into salary negotiations. Also see my articles Salary Negotiation for Women Part 1  and Part 2. It’s important to stay on top of the latest in job search documents and strategies. The Executive Expert and The Essay Expert are here to keep you informed, and to create the best possible career documents for your success. Read more about the New and the Next in Networking, Traditional Online Job Search Strategies; How Employees are Screened, Interviewed, and Hired; The Changing Face of Jobs, The Diverse, Multigenerational Workforce Globalization; and other important career resources and topics at Findings of 2017 Career Jam: Where Experts Forecast the New the Next. Or listen to the webinar here.

The Fourteen Points of Woodrow Wilsons Plan for Peace

The Fourteen Points of Woodrow Wilsons Plan for Peace November 11 is, of course, Veterans Day. Originally called Armistice Day, it marked the ending of World War I in 1918. It also marked the beginning of an ambitious foreign policy plan by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. Known as the Fourteen Points, the plan- which ultimately failed- embodied many elements of what we today call globalization. Historical Background World War I, which began in August 1914, was the result of decades of imperial competition between the European monarchies. Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Turkey, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Russia all claimed territories around the globe. They also conducted elaborate espionage schemes against each other,  engaged in a continuous arms race, and constructed a precarious system of military alliances. Austria-Hungary laid claim to much of the Balkan region of Europe, including Serbia. When a Serbian rebel killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, a string of events forced the European nations to mobilize for war against each other. The main combatants were: The Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, TurkeyThe Entente Powers: France, Great Britain, Russia The U.S. in the War The United States did not enter World War I until April 1917 but its list of grievances against warring Europe dated back to 1915. That year, a German submarine (or U-Boat) sank the British luxury steamer,  Lusitania, which carried 128 Americans. Germany had already been violating American neutral rights; the United States, as a neutral in the war, wanted to trade with all belligerents. Germany saw any American trade with an entente power as helping their enemies. Great Britain and France also saw American trade that way, but they did not unleash submarine attacks on American shipping. In early 1917, British intelligence intercepted a message from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico. The message invited Mexico to join the war on the side of Germany. Once involved, Mexico was to ignite war in the American southwest that would keep U.S. troops occupied and out of Europe. Once Germany had won the European war, it would then help Mexico retrieve land it had lost to the United States in the Mexican War, 1846-48. The so-called Zimmerman Telegram was the last straw. The United States quickly declared war against Germany and its  allies. American troops did not arrive in France in any large numbers until late 1917. However, there were enough on hand to stop a German offensive in Spring 1918. That fall, Americans led an allied offensive that flanked the German front in France, severing the German armys supply lines back to Germany. Germany had no choice but to call for a cease-fire. The armistice went into effect at 11 a.m., on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918. The Fourteen Points More than anything else, Woodrow Wilson saw himself as a diplomat. He had already roughed out the concept of the Fourteen Points to Congress and the American people months before the armistice. The  summarized Fourteen Points included: Open covenants of peace and transparent diplomacy.Absolute freedom of the seas.The removal of economic and trade barriers.An end to arms races.National self-determination to figure in adjustment of colonial claims.Evacuation of all Russian territory.Evacuation and restoration of Belgium.All French territory restored.Italian frontiers adjusted.Austria-Hungary given opportunity to autonomous development.Rumania, Serbia, Montenegro evacuated and given independence.Turkish portion of the Ottoman Empire should become sovereign; nations under Turkish rule should become autonomous; Dardanelles should be open to all.Independent Poland with access to the sea should be created.A general association of nations should be formed to guarantee political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. Points one through five attempted to eliminate the immediate causes of the war: imperialism, trade restrictions, arms races, secret treaties, and disregard of nationalist tendencies. Points six through 13 attempted to restore territories occupied during the war and set post-war boundaries, also based on national self-determination. In the 14th Point, Wilson envisioned a global organization to protect states and prevent future wars. The Treaty of Versailles The Fourteen Points served as the foundation for the Versailles Peace Conference that began outside of Paris in 1919. However, the Treaty of Versailles  was markedly different than Wilsons proposal. France- which  had been attacked by Germany in 1871 and was the site of most of the fighting in World War I- wanted to punish Germany in the treaty. While Great Britain and the United States did not agree with punitive measures, France won out. The resultant treaty: Forced Germany to sign a war guilt clause and accept full responsibility for the war.Prohibited further alliances between Germany and Austria.Created a demilitarized zone between France and Germany.Made Germany  responsible for paying  millions of dollars in reparations to the victors.Limited Germany to a defensive army only, with no tanks.Limited Germanys navy to six capital ships and no submarines.Prohibited Germany from having an air force. The victors at Versailles did accept the idea of Point 14, a League of Nations. Once created, it became the issuer of mandates which were former German territories handed over to allied nations for administration. While Wilson won the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his Fourteen Points, he was disappointed by the punitive atmosphere of Versailles. He was also unable to convince Americans to join the League of Nations. Most Americans- in an isolationist mood after the war- did not want any part of a global organization which could lead them into another war. Wilson campaigned throughout the U.S. trying to convince Americans to accept the League of Nations. They never did, and the League limped toward World War II with U.S. support. Wilson suffered a series of strokes while campaigning for the League, and  was debilitated for the rest of his presidency in 1921.

The impact of information technology on accounting world Essay

The impact of information technology on accounting world - Essay Example BACKGROUND Accounting is as old as mankind and people used accounting to settle their scores even when the barter system was in place. People used different methods of keeping records of their transactions and claims to settle their exchanges as monetary transactions. When accounting was revolutionized, people brought up several new ways of book keeping which were beneficial and easy to go about. Different rules and principles came in to being when people gave rise to concepts of accounting such as accrual, matching, fair presentation and consistency etc. With progress in this field, people adopted the use of profit and loss statements as well as balance sheets to conduct their accounting but even then paper records were maintained. This was a hectic exercise which required a lot of time and tracking of records to keep them up-to-date with their daily transactions. This need of time gave rise to Information technology to come and level up the score where the requirement of time savin g and keeping track of records could be maintained. Not just that, the way conventional accounting used to take place could also be revolutionized and new and easy ways of book keeping can be brought up where standards and ease are both maintained simultaneously. BEGINNING ERA In the beginning era when information technology was introduced in the field of accounting, people started opting soft databases in place of hard copies of their records for the purpose of book keeping and tracking the transactions. This not only helped the hectic procedures of keeping the accounting records secure but also helped in the reduction of storage cost. The use of software that can calculate the results better and more accurately were used to make the calculations simpler and quick. Presentation was shifted from paper based presentation to soft copy presentation which required little time to make and edit the changes. New software was developed to cope up with the requirements as new standards of ac counting came into play and the level on complexity was increased. Both accountants and auditors started relying on the information technology far more than the paper work as it gave them time and cost saving and thus a new era on information technology was introduced in the field of accounting as well as that of auditing. CURRENT STATE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ACCOUNTING The current state of information technology in the field of accounting is very diversified and wide as the companies and information technology agencies have developed several ways of countering the needs and requirements of today’s fighting era. As the information technology has grown up in today’s era, it has persuaded the managers to implement it in their companies to manage their duties and responsibilities in a more appropriate and designed manner. The current state of accounting involves the use of following accounting software and techniques: Database management systems Spreadsheets Audit t echnique software Word processing and graphic presentations Tax assessment software Decision support systems Inventory and sales management systems Data evaluation and management software etc These are the major software that is implemented today in the field of accounting and management which have given this era of advancement a new dimension. The new era of accounting has also given rise to the in-house development of software and the companies have started their own software houses in

Critically evaluate how people resourcing policies and practices can Essay

Critically evaluate how people resourcing policies and practices can influence the level of employee commitment and engagement with in the workplace - Essay Example licies may not be that effective and these can be discussed in the light of theoretical analysis to show how company policies can influence the level of employee commitment and engagement. Employee engagement is defined by Vance (2006) in plain business language and he says that, â€Å"Though different organizations define engagement differently, some common themes emerge. These themes include employees’ satisfaction with their work and pride in their employer, the extent to which people enjoy and believe in what they do for work and the perception that their employer values what they bring to the table (Vance, 2006, Pg. 2)†. This definition is very applicable in business terms since it allows companies not only to create a level of engagement based on the factors mentioned above but also gauge the level of engagement which employees have. Under this definition, those companies who are helping people enjoy their work, show commitment to the people working for the company and help them when they need to be motivated will eventually have employees who are more committed than others. The psychological contract also plays a role here since the individuals who are engaged with the company and are said to be committed are expected to believe in what they are working with and they need to have pride in their employer. The psychological contract itself is defined as the unwritten contract between the employer and the employee regarding the commitment which they both have to each other (Barnett et. al., 2004). To show the importance of employee commitment and engagement, two examples are used as pertinent cases. These are international companies who have shown how engaging and committing employees is possible through several different means and they also show the advantages which a company can gain if the employees working for the company are fully engaged with active psychological contracts. The examples also show what could happen if employees become disengaged from

Components of Kangaroo Mother Care

Components of Kangaroo Mother Care The literature search has been divided in different categories to present the effects of kangaroo mother care (KMC). After stating the organization of the paper the first section will provide the definition, history, and components of KMC. The second section will describe the Universe of Developmental Care Model and its components. The next section will reflect on the effects of KMC in maintaining the temperature of premature and LBW infants. The fourth section will present the relationship of KMC with the frequency of feeds and how this intervention assists in resolving the issues related to breast feeding; while the fifth section will present the results of KMC with respect to achieving the weight gain. The sixth section will describe the effects of KMC in reducing suspected infections and length of stay in hospital. The last section will summarize the literature review stating the purpose of the literature review. The Search Strategy The literature search was done on two search engines: Pubmed and Science Direct will be use of key terms Kangaroo mother care (KMC) and skin-to -skin (STS) the Pubmed searched resulted in 100 hits. It was further filtered by adding the terms low birth weight (LBW). Finally twenty articles were reviewed. Similarly, the database of Science Direct showed 30 relevant articles .The second step was to search database in Google Scholar. The result showed very pertinent articles, including a website of the KMC foundation. This website facilitated the researcher in searching the systemic review and origin of KMC, original articles were then searched from the reference lists of these articles. Definition, History, and Components of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is an alternative intervention for hypothermia among preterm infants by, keeping the baby close to the mothers skin (Lawn, Mwansa-Kambafwile, Horta, Barros, Cousens,2010). Dr Edgar Rey Sanabria, a pediatrician initiated the model of KMC at the Department of Health in Mobato, Colombia in 1978 Since then, KMC has been well known for provide a quality care to newborn infants especially to LBW babies in Colombia (Lawn et al.2010). A wide range of literature is available that evaluates the physiological, psychological, emotional, and developmental outcomes of KMC. However, this literature review will primarily focus on the physiological and breastfeeding outcomes of KMC in hospital. However, the secondary outcome variables like weight gain, infection and length of stay will also be presented in the this literature review.Gradually this model was adopted by many developed countries like US, UK, and Brazil, and in 2003, WHO provided international guidelines to implement KMC. Based on the effectiveness of KMC in hospital settings, it was recommended to incorporate KMC into a package of neonatal care and not as an individual intervention (Pattinson, Woods, Greenfield, Velaphi, 2005). According to Charpak It is not alternative medicine but a scientifically sound, multilevel intervention (Charpak Ruiz-Pelaez, 2001). Though it is initiated in the hospital, it can be continued at home until rejected by the infant usu ally towards the completion of gestation at 37 weeks (Charpak Ruiz-Pelaez, 2001). Universe of Developmental Care (UDC) The model is the renewal of Als Synactive theory of neonatal development. The theoretical concept of the model is shared surface; the manifestation of the shared surface is the skin. Through the skin the linkages are created among the body organism , and the environment. The key concept of the model is that an infants skin is considered as boundary of infant where as the shared surface includes environmental influences. The impact of these influences is inter- linked with care practices and the family (Gibbins, Hoath, Coughlin, Gibbins Franck, 2008). Components of Model This model is based on infant, environment, and staff. Infant: Infant is the core component of the model, who occupies central position, as shown in model (refer fig 1.). The first circle immediate to the central position of the infant in the model represents specific physiological systems, such as: respiratory, cardiac, and nervous, hematologic, metabolic, immunological, musculoskeletal, integumentry, and gastrology system. These physiological systems are interrelated with each other and they are highly influenced by the surrounding environment. Care Practices Specific care practices behaviors are symbolized as care planets of the UDC model. There are nine care planets surrounding the physiological system which depict care giving behaviors like monitoring/assessment, feeding, positioning, infection control, safety, comfort, thermoregulation, skin care, and respiratory care (Gibbins, et al., 2008, p. 145). Family: In the UDC model family is the central focus;however, staff and institution support is required to provide effective care to the infant, for instance, for any care practice approach like provision of comfort to an extremely low birth infant. If the parental touch is been replaced in an intensive care unit with staff support and institutions policy, the care planet of comfort will not only be affected, but it may alter the other planets like sleep, positioning, safety, and like. Therefore, within the hospital environment the family is shown as very close to the infant in the UDC model, which demonstrates the natural family-infant dyads bonding. Environment: The macro-environment of the model, based on the infrastructure and physical environment such as lay -out, lighting, noise levels, units physical design, affects the shared surfaces. Moreover, interpersonal behavior and hospital culture are also considered as part of enviroment in the UDC model (Gibbins, et al., 2008, p. 145). These environmental influences can affect any of the care planets of the universal model. Due to interdependence of care planets of the UDC model, the care practice that alters any one of the care planet will automatically affect the other care planets. (Ludington, 2009). Just like the laws of solar system movement, an infant is expected to respond to the environmental influences by showing some developmental behaviors (Gibbins, et al., 2008, p. 143). Staff: The position of staff in the model is just as a protective orbit that supports family of very high risk and critical infants. The authors have emphasized the role of education and staff training in the context of UDC model in order to apply the theoretical concepts of developmental care model in clinical practices (Gibbins, et al., 2008, p. 144). Application of the Model The UDC model is applicable for infants care providing clinical approach for nurses to follow. The model captured an extensive list of nursing care, which involves holistic developmental care. Therefore, it can be easily applied as bedside practice; in addition this model provides opportunities to the nursing researchers to explore any one of the care planets and then identify its interdependence with other care planets. Since the model is based on Nightingale, environmental theory can be widely applied in nursing care practices.However, a lot of research work is needed to validate the concept of shared surfaces of the model. The literature review,so far,has not depicted any scholarly work for the application of the model to kangaroo mother care, though it is one of the essential components of the models comfort care planet ( Ludington, 2009).The intention of the current study is to apply this model to explore the physiological and developmental effects of kangaroo mother care among low birth weight and preterm infants. The application and modification of the model would be discussed in detail in chapter 3. However, the model also guided us to present the effectiveness of KMC through literature review. Thermoregulation Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) has been recognized as an effective model for thermal stability (Charpak et al., 2005; Ludington-Hoe, Nguygen, Swinth Satyshur, 2000; Cong, 2006). Due to large body surface, little fat size LBW infants are at high risk of heat loss. When this loss exceeds the ability of infant to produce heat, hypothermia develops (WHO, 1997). Infants are more susceptible to hypothermia immediately after birth, during bath or during weighing. It has been found that countries with high neonatal morbidities deaths showed higher rates of hypothermia (Kumar, Shearer, Kumar Darmstadt, 2009). Therefore, to minimize the risk of hypothermia a set of procedure has been recommended for thermal regulation of newborn infants. These procedures include warm delivery room, drying of infants body and skin-to-skin contact, breast feeding and postponing bathing and weighing of infants and keeping mother-infant together etc. In case of breaking in this warm- chain infant can be at risk of c old stress (WHO, 1997). In such cases thermal protections can be fulfilled by either keeping infant in warmer incubator or under radiant heat. The positive outcome of randomized trials among preterm has suggested the KMC as an alternative of incubators (Bergman et al., 2004; Cattaneo et al., 1998; Chwo et al., 2002; Kadam et al., 2005; Ludington-Hoe et al., 2000; Ludington-Hoe et al., 2004). The abdomen of mother due to the appropriate temperature for newborn is considered as the best means for immediate postnatal interventions (AAP AAH, 2000). It is also suggested in the guidelines of World Health Organization that skin-to-skin contacts should be continue during transfer as well as after shifting of infant in ward (WHO, 2003). The consistence findings of KMC among various trials and metaanalysis (conde, et, al, 2010), systemic review of kangaroo care (Brett, Staniszewska, Newburn, Jones, Taylor, 2011) and literature review by (Bulfone, Nazzi, Tenore, 2011) made it possible to include kangaroo care as one of the integral component of newborn care (Carlo, et al., 2010; Darmstadt et al., 2006; Kumar et al., 2008; Moore McDermott, 2004; Senarath, Fernando, Rodrigo, 2007; Tinker, Paul, Ruben, 2006), including preterm infants. Bergman et al. (2004) investigated effects of one hour dose of KMC after birth to assess the rate of hypothermia. Out of 20 LBW infants 18 maintained their temperature with KMC, whereas in control group six out of 14 infants maintained their temperature. Similarly, Cattaneoet al. (1998) assessed the KMC interventions by continuous skin-to-skin contact, day night with an average of 20 hrs /day by mothers. Researcher found 13.5 episodes of hypothermia in a sample of 100 infants in intervention group as compared to 31.5 episodes in control group. It is highly recommended from literature that staff need to be sensitize about this serious issue Kumar, et al, 2009). It has been observed that in the study settings that there are modern equipment to provide warmth to infants are available. However, space and equipment remain the limitation of any organization due to high influx of premature and LBW infants delivery. Though an infant gets thermal control in nursery setting but there is need to implement some strategies which protect high risk infants in the ward environment and mother need to educate about monitoring of infant. She should be acknowledging about its management as well. In order to compare the effects of environmental temperature and kangaroo care interventions, three groups of newborns were selected. One group was given skin-to-skin contact in prone, while another group was prone to mother chest with clothes, while third group of neonates were kept in nursery. After 90 minutes of repeated measures of temperature post birth (30-120 minutes after birth) the infants who were in skin-to-skin contact showed more variation in temperature than their counterparts. This variation was found to be related with sensory stimulation caused by mother infant skin to skin contact. Moreover, researchers have concluded that early suckling promotion also facilitated in oxytocin release which further enhanced metabolism and heat production(Bystrova et al., 2007). The literature review supports the concept of shared surface of UDC model also. The relationship between infants brain and environment is apparent through skin-to-skin contact. As parasympathetic nervous system gets stimulated which enhances peripheral circulation (Bystrova et al., 2007) and manifestation of this process is apparent through infants skin temperature. According to the recent meta-analysis of KMC, there is a significant reduction of hypothermia (Conde, 2010). Developing counties like India and Bangladesh have shown progress in implementing KMC in low and high technical settings. It can be applied for all healthy newborn >28 weeks of gestation and weight >600 grams safely (Browne, 2007). Initially preterm and LBW infants were given KMC for 24 hrs. Gradually his model was modified to intermittent kangaroo care for minimum 30 to 60 minutes (Nyqvist, 2009). The researchers found KMC effective in thermal protection even if was given for short duration (Boo Jamli, 2007). In addition to it KMC can be applied to all newborn care setting. There is no need to have a separate setting to implement this model other than privacy to practice in clinical settings. Some of the challenges identified in implementation of KMC model initially in India (Ramanathan, Paul, Deorari, Taneja, George, 2001) participated mothers showed reluctance at the initial stage to change the traditional behavior of neonatal care. Similarly, in Uganda values and beliefs of mother were challenging. As mother considered vernix as napaki and it should be removed, and infant cannot be placed on mothers abdomen before bathing (Byaruhanga, BergstrÃÆ' ¶m, Tibemanya, Nakitto, Okong, 2008). Another challenge is reluctance in modifying the newborn care policies and protocols. Despite multiple benefits of KMC, there is still a gap in application of this model (Byaruhanga et al., 2008). One Pakistani study also found cultural beliefs as barrier to provide thermal protection; mothers felt blood on newly born infant as napaki and they were not in favour of breastfeeding infant soon after birth (Aziz, Akhtar, Kaleem). This way all live healthy born infants were given bath before feeding. This behavior is considered as one of the major hazard for newborn health; this gap can be fulfilled by research evidences in our cultural context and by following the international guidelines of newborn care. Effects of KMC in Promoting Lactation Another major challenge of preterm births is ineffective breastfeeding. These infants need a great deal of struggle while attachment to mothers breasts. The epidemiological studies have provided sufficient evidences that breast feeding contributes in reducing morbidities and mortalities of infants (Heinig, 2001). It was further evident that preterm and LBW infants who received donors breast milk were at lower risk of necrotizing enterocollitis than those who fed formula feed (McGuire Anthony, 2003). A breadth of literature supports kangroo care as one of the best way to promote early attachment of infants to mother breast. A number of barriers to breast feeding among preterm infants are, immature systems, poor coordination while sucking, and difficult to keep them awake (Ludington, 2010). As a result mother does not receive sufficient stimulation from infants sucking. Therefore, infants are fed supplement milk either with spoon, gavage or bottle feeding. Since exclusive breast feeding is strongly associated with child survival (Bhutta, 2008) it is recommended that breast feeding should be initiated within an hour of birth to produce sufficient calories and to keep the infant warm (WHO, 1996). KMC has shown substantial improvement in promoting exclusive breastfeeding. The literature review has shown suckling outcome of preterm infants with KMC (WHO, 1996). Even one hour session of KMC for two weeks was found to be helpful in attachment of infants with mothers breasts. (Nyqvist et al., 2006). The researchers found increase in breast feeding rate and duration among 32 -35 weeks of gestation (Nyqvist et al ., 2006). This early attachment behavior of infants with the help of Skin-to-skin contact, stimulates sucking behavior and more oxytocin releases to produce more milk (Matthiesen, Ransjà ¶ Arvidson, Nissen, Uvnà ¤s Moberg, 2001). The experimental study on infants exposed to skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth shows that they continue to nurse more efficiently. There was a significant production of milk and weight gain (Andreson, 2004; Charpak 2001; Dewey, 2003). The literature supports KMC to achieve successful breastfeeding among 90% of infants compared to 61% in hospital (Bier et al., 1996). Moreover, infant on KMC found to be relaxed; therefore, gut is prepared by hormones to digest milk adequately. This helps again in reducing the chances of necrotizing of gut and infants gain weight, resulting in a shorter stay at the hospital(Bergman, Linley, Fawcus, 2004). In addition improve frequency and duration of breastfeeding; it is also evident from literature that mothers receive extra support for lactation from nurses while giving intervention of KMC. This support also motivates mothers to continue breastfeeding (Carfoot Moore, 2005). Due to sustained breastfeeding cholecystokinin releases more and it further stimulates parasympathetic nervous system which aids in growth and development of infants. A comparative study of three group of infants discussed in the section of thermal regulation (Bystrova et al., 2007) also support early sucking reflexes with skin-to-skin contact. A systemic review by Ahmed and Sands (2010) found eight studies to support breastfeeding outcome among preterm infants. Effects of KMC on Weight Gain As discussed earlier the preterm and LBW infants are prone to hypothermia, poor lactation, and infections during hospitalization which contribute to infants weight gain or prolonged stay in hospital just to gain weight. KMC has been found to be effective in growth of infants (Ali, 2009; Anderson, 1991; Boo, 2007; Conde, 2010; Rao, 2007). However, Charpaks study did not suggest significant difference in weight gain of infants (Charpak, 2005). On the other hand, KMC also did not show adverse effects and none of the studies found that infants with KMC intervention were failing to thrive. Thus the literature shows positive effect of KMC in terms of improving the feeding of LBW infants and weight gain. Studies among LBW infants depicts significant improvement in growth of infants, with mean weight gain of 29gms among infants Effects of KMC in prevention of Infection and length of stay reduction Recently it is evident from the literature that KMC reduces the morbidities and mortalities among infants (Lawn, 2010). Total 15 trials were reviewed and researchers found significant decrease in mortalities i.e. (RR =0.49) and morbidities which was (RR= 0.34).The scientist are predicting that by placing infants in skin-to-skin contact may improve barrier function of the skin (Abufatteh, Ludington, Burant -Visscher, 2011). The researchers found only one case of infection at the time of completion of KMC. The progress of KMC in reducing infection is also depicted in developing countries. A substantial reduction in infections among LBW Infants is demonstrated from the literature. For instance Ali in (2009) found 6.9% of sepsis in KMC group as compared to 23.2% in control group during hospitalization. In addition the research findings were consistent at follow-up; incidences of severe infections were high in control group (17.9%) as compared to (5.2%) in KMC (Ali, 2009). This impact is also associated with improvement in breastfeeding through skin-to-skin contacts. The Immunoglobulin and lactoferrin properties of human milk help in prevention of infection. (FurmanKennell, 2000). Reducing the length of stay is another goal of KMC which is highlighted by many studies from developing countries (Ali, 2009; Boo, 2007; Charpak, 2001; Ramanthan, 2001). Infants discharged 7.4 days earlier than control group (Ramanthan, 2001). Similarly, Boo found difference of nine days (Boo, 2007). This major impact is further contributing to cost-effective management. Parents of LBW and preterm infants face dual burden of complication of prematurity as well as economic constraints. Thus, KMC could be an appropriate cost-effective intervention for this population. However, it has not been explored in Pakistan to our knowledge. Therefore, keeping in mind the efficacy of KMC there is a need to implement such trial in Pakistan to fill the gap. Conclusion The literature review suggests KMC as an effective intervention to achieve thermal stability and breast feeding among LBW and preterm infants. Complications such as infections can be minimized by the help of protective environment of mothers skin contact and breastfeeding component. Thus countries with scarce resources like Pakistan can benefit from this intervention to promote the health of high risk newborns. Aziz, N., Akhtar, S., Kaleem, R. Newborn Care Practices Regarding Thermal Protection Among Slum Dwellers in Rachna Town, Lahore, Punjab. Annals of King Edward Medical University, 16(1 SI). Bergman, N. J., Linley, L. L., Fawcus, S. R. (2004). Randomized controlled trial of skin-to-skin contact from birth versus conventional incubator for physiological stabilization in 1200- to 2199-gram newborns. Acta Paediatr, 93(6), 779-785. Byaruhanga, R. N., BergstrÃÆ' ¶m, A., Tibemanya, J., Nakitto, C., Okong, P. (2008). Perceptions among post-delivery mothers of skin-to-skin contact and newborn baby care in a periurban hospital in Uganda. Midwifery, 24(2), 183-189. Bystrova, K., Matthiesen, A. S., Vorontsov, I., WidstrÃÆ' ¶m, A. M., RansjÃÆ' ¶Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Arvidson, A. B., UvnÃÆ' ¤sà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Moberg, K. (2007). Maternal axillar and breast temperature after giving birth: effects of delivery ward practices and relation to infant temperature. Birth, 34(4), 291-300. Charpak, N., Ruiz-Pelaez, J. G. (2001). A randomized, controlled trial of kangaroo mother care: results of follow-up at 1 year of corrected age. Pediatrics, 108(5), 1072. Heinig, M. J. (2001). Host defense benefits of breastfeeding for the infant: effect of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48(1), 105-123. Lawn, J. E., Mwansa-Kambafwile, J., Horta, B. L., Barros, F. C., Cousens, S. Kangaroo mother careto prevent neonatal deaths due to preterm birth complications. International journal of epidemiology, 39(suppl 1), i144. Matthiesen, A. S., Ransjà ¶ Arvidson, A. B., Nissen, E., Uvnà ¤s Moberg, K. (2001). Postpartum maternal oxytocin release by newborns: effects of infant hand massage and sucking. Birth, 28(1), 13-19. McGuire, W., Anthony, M. Y. (2003). Donor human milk versus formula for preventing necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants: systematic review. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 88(1), F11-F14. Pattinson, R., Woods, D., Greenfield, D., Velaphi, S. (2005). Improving survival rates of newborn infants in South Africa. Reproductive Health, 2(1), 1-8. Ramanathan, K., Paul, V., Deorari, A., Taneja, U., George, G. (2001). Kangaroo mother care in very low birth weight infants. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 68(11), 1019-1023.

Global Orientation Essay

Global marketing has the potential to bring a company to its proverbial next level. In order to understand how to thrive in global marketing one must first understand the conditions leading to the development and sustainment of global market. The need and environment for a global market stemmed from a number of factors. One factor is the rapid technological advances in equipment, communications, and transportation, which are all major drivers of both the ability and the desire of companies to expand globally. Advances in production equipment allows companies to create larger volumes of product which, when paired with the expanded customer base of a global market, can generate greater profits which can be reinvested into research and development efforts. These increases in product volume and profit are aided by faster communication and transportation, which serve to shrink the global marketplace and provide less costly methods for companies to distribute products, information, and financial flows. Another factor is the international system, which includes the development of the International Monetary Framework, trading blocs, General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and other such formations of international agreements facilitated by the spread of global peace. One final factor is the spread of awareness in disparate markets of different products and processes. In the process of forming international infrastructures, global experiences have served to change attitudes and behaviors of entire segments of domestic markets. Being exposed to ideas from around the world has affected these market segments’ tastes and professed needs, eventually leading to a convergence of world markets to global markets sharing common tastes and needs across geographical boundaries. From a more conceptual angle, global markets derived from the Bretton Woods system of global free trade and are able to thrive under the policies of a hegemon, or dominant world power. The Bretton Woods Agreement established a method enabling currencies to be convertible for trade, by pegging currencies to gold, and formed the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The system established by the Bretton Woods Agreement was validated due to the United States’ economic dominance and manufacturing base. Through the uses of diplomacy, finance, and military force, the United States has ensured openness in the Bretton Woods system, a concept defined by the Greek word hegemony. It has been theorized that international systems are best able to maintain stability when managed by a single dominant world power. According to the theory of hegemonic stability, the downfall of the reigning hegemon causes the global market to suffer instability until another rises into power. Furthermore, the tastes and needs of global markets will change to reflect that of the hegemon, which explains the current spread of western culture. The convergence of world markets has created the need for companies to approach all country markets within their scope of operations as a single global market, identifying market segments with similar demands that can be satisfied with the same product, standardizing what components of the marketing mix that they can, and adapting the marketing mix to accommodate for significant cultural differences when necessary – an approach called global orientation. Factors that must be considered for a company to achieve global awareness and succeed in global orientation include objectivity, tolerance toward cultural differences, and a solid knowledge base. The first factor, objectivity, involves being objective in the assessment and handling of opportunities, risks, and issues associated with prospective investments. The second, tolerance, requires an understanding of and willingness to work with different cultures that exhibit behaviors unlike one’s own. The final factor to achieving global awareness is becoming knowledgeable about the changes occurring throughout the world, the global economy, social trends, world market potentials, world history, and individual cultures. A company’s success in the three aforementioned factors will determine the level of global awareness they will be able to achieve, their success in a transition to global orientation, and ultimately their success in the global marketing environment. Once a company has achieved global marketing success, it must establish a competitive advantage in order to thrive. Competitive advantages can be typified by a company’s competitive strategy coupled with their emphasis on new product-market growth. Table 1 depicts Mullins and Walker’s (2013) typologies of business level competitive strategies. An example of how a company may fit into this typology is that of Samsung. Samsung gauges whether they are on the right track in the global market through the use of data collection and studies including revenue measurements, profitability measurements, average price indices (API), brand attitude studies (BAS), and dealer attitude studies (DAS), which would place them in the position of analyzer using both competitive strategies of differentiation and cost leadership. Table 1: Combined Typology of Business-Level Competitive Strategies Emphasis on new product-market growth Heavy Emphasis No Emphasis prospectorAnalyzerDefenderReactor Competitive strategyDifferetiationUnits primarily concerned with attaining growth through aggressive pursuitof new product-market opportunitiesUnits with strong core business; actively seeking to expand into related product-markets with differentiated offeringsUnits primarily concerned with maintaining a differentiated position in mature marketsUnits with no clearly defined product-market development or competitive strategy Cost leadershipUnits with strong core business; actively seeking to expand into related product-markets with low-cost offeringsUnits primarily concerned with maintaining a low-cost position in mature markets In conclusion, global markets have evolved from increased international cooperation and interaction. In order for companies to continue to grow and thrive, they must become globally oriented in their operations and implement a competitive strategy for the global environment. Globalization has opened up many opportunities for worldwide development and is strengthened by the participation of companies in the global market and by strong leadership by a world power. References Cooper, R. N. , Eichengreen, B. , Holtham, G. , Putnam, R. D. , & Henning, C. R. (1989). Can Nations Agree? Issues in International Economic Cooperation. Washington D. C. : The Brookings Institution. pp. 255-298. Mazlish, B. (2012). Three Factors of Globalization: Multinational Corporations, Non-Governmental Organizations, and Global Consciousness. Globality Studies Journal. Retrieved from http://globality. cc. stonybrook. edu/? p=239 Mullins, J. W. , Walker, O. C. (2013). Business Strategies and Marketing Decisions. McGraw Hill Education. Retrieved from http://answers. mheducation. com/business/marketing/marketing-strategy/business-strategies-and-marketing-decisions